Chicago Citation Quick Guide

References or Works Cited

• Entries in the list are ordered alphabetically by author's last name, or if no author is given, by the title or a keyword

In Text Citations

Single Author

• There MUST be an entry in the reference list for every text citation. List the author's last name followed by the year

Example:

Video games can provide health benefits to the sick (Haugen 2008).

Multiple Works Published by the Same Author in Different Years

• List the author and the years in chronological sequence

Example:

Studies of gamer's at play (Flanders 1970, 1975) have shown that...

Multiple Authors

• For 2 authors, list both names in the in-text reference, separated by "and"

Example:

...and the most recent work on Tetris (Sareth and Nukem 2001) is...

• For more than 2 authors, list the first author followed by "et al." or "and others" and the year

Example:

... but later studies (Haugen et al. 2008) determined that...

... but in later studies by Haugen and others (2008) it was determined that...

Corporation or Organization as Authors

• List the initial letter of each part of name or readily recognizable abbreviation and the year

Example:

The landmark report on nuclear power (SNPP 1979) was...

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | date | article title | journal title | volume | issue | page numbers | database name | release number | database publisher | cited year | url | document number

Electronic Journal Article from a Database

• If there is a digital object identifier (DOI) for the source, include it in place of page numbers

Example of an Electronic Journal:

Skinner S. 2005. Evolution or intelligent design: the menu model of elementary science instruction. Science Educator. 32(2) 1975-2008. In Science Direct [database on the Internet]. Release 3. NY: Science Direct Publishing; 2005. 33p. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect/scienceeducator/32/2/skinner;(accessed 2008 May 4).

Multiple Authors

• The first author's name is inverted, followed by "and" then the second author's full name
• More than two: List first author's name inverted, use "and" before the last author's name
• More than 10: List first 7 followed by "et al"

Titles

• Capitalize titles sentence style, without quotation marks. Titles and subtitles are separated by a colon, and the first word of the subtitle is always capitalized

Dates

• The month and day need to be included if there is no volume, issue numbers or dates of update
• A year and possibly an exact date, a month, or a season, appears in parentheses after the volume or or issue number. Seasons are capitalized when standing in lieu of a month or an issue number. Neither month nor season is necessary when the issue number is given
• For a span of months, use a hyphen (e.g., March-April)

Volumes and issues

• The volume number follows the journal title without intervening punctuation and is not in italics. Issue number follows volume number
• Write both volumes and issues numbers in Arabic numerals
• Place issue numbers in parentheses
• If no volume numbers, a comma follows the journal title

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | title | subtitle | editor, compiler or translater | edition | volume | series title | volume number |  publication: city, publisher, and date | page number | Source type: DVD, CD-ROM, or the URL location for an Internet source | date accessed

• Include the edition if the citation is not the first
• Include volume if a multi volume work is referred to as a whole
• Include the volume number within a series if the series is numbered
• Universally known publication cities such as New York or London can stand alone, if readers might be confused, or the a city with the same name exists, the state may be added with a comma after the city name
• If the place of publication is unknown, n.p. may be used before the publisher's name within square brackets
• Copyright dates are usually the same as publication dates. If the year of publication is unknown, the abbreviation n.d. in brackets, can be used in place of the year
• If the year can be guessed, place the guessed year followed by a question mark (?) within brackets
• For multiple years, only include the date that is of interest to the reader

Books with two through ten authors

• List all author names in the order in which they appear on the title page. Only the first name is inverted
• Use "and" between the authors names. For three authors, place "and" before the last author

Example:

Lumpkin, L. R., C. Simpson, and J. Hellsmuth, 3rd eds. 1989. Country singin' ain't for me. Washington, DC: Country Press.

Books with more than eleven authors

• List the first seven author names followed by "et al", the first name being the only one inverted

Example:

Lumpkin, L. R., C. Simpson, A. Simpson, M. Burns, J. Lovejoy, B. Gumble, S. Christian, et al. 1989. Country singin' ain't for me. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Country Press.

Books with no authors

• If there are editors, put the names of editors, "a comma (,) followed by the abbreviation "eds"
• If there are no authors and editors, begin with the title

Example:

Simpson B., N. Callahan, eds. 1989. Country singin' ain't for me. Washington, DC: Country Press.

Country singin' ain't for me. 3rd Ed. 1989. Washington, DC: Country Press.

Books with both authors and editors

• Place the author's name first, the abbreviation "ed." follows the title, then put the editors

Example:

Lumpkin, L. 1989. Country singin' ain't for me. 3rd ed. Powers R, Simpson L, eds. Washington, DC: Country Press.

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | date | title | content type(MFA, PhD) | academic instituition

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

creator | year of filing | title of patent | country code | patent | patent number | filed | filed date | issue date

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | year | article title | newspaper name | month, day of publication | section | edition

• If the author is unknown, the name of the newspaper stands in place of the author name

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | year | title | subtitle | site | url | date accessed

General

• All resources that reside on the Internet are cited the same as materials appearing in print or electronically cited, with some additions

• Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) are treated as chapters and cited by title or by number, Note that online articles will generally not carry page numbers; for article-length material, however, descriptive 'locators' (see 16.14, 17.181) will rarely be necessary. add a URL and, if the publisher or discipline requires it, or for especially time-sensitive data, the date the material was last accessed

Example:

Cleese, J., T. Gilliam, E. Idle, T. Jones and M. Palin. 2001. Commentaries. Disc 2. Monty Python and the Holy Grail, special ed. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones. Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment.

• Include an accessed date, especially for time sensitive material

Example:

Brancusi, A. and Frank Bolden. 2001. Crisis on Wallstreet. New York Times., March 25. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/politics/25MCCA.html (accessed January 2, 2002).

• If there is a digital object identifier (DOI) for the source include it in place of page numbers or other locators

Example:

Allen, A. 2003. Tribal Notions. Slate March 25. doi:10.1006/sleh.2000.2694. http://www.slate.com/links/doi/10.1006/sleh.2000.2694.

Citations are listed in notes (footnotes or endnotes) and can be included in a bibliography. If the bibliography includes all works cited in the notes, the note citations can be shortened. For works with no bibliography or a selected list, notes must include full details.

In-Text Citation

• Citation includes a reference number set as superior or superscript; located at the end of a sentence following any punctuation or closing parenthesis
• Reference numbers begin with 1 and continue through each article or chapter, numbering restarts for each chapter division
• Notes for tables or illustrations are numbered separately

Example:

"This," wrote George Templeton Strong, "is what our tailors can do." (In an earlier book he had said quite the opposite.)²

Footnotes or endnotes are listed at the bottom of the page where the citation exists

• Footnotes with a bibliography: number. author last name, title, page number
• Notes without a bibliography: number. author full name, title: subtitle (city of publication: publisher, publication year), page number

Example Note:

2. Haugen, Video Game Theory Reader, 53.

Example Note:

2. David F. Haugen, Video Game Theory Reader: A New Era (Chicago: Newport Press, 2008), 53.

• Appears at the end of the work, titled Bibliography or References
• Entries are arranged alphabetically by last names of the authors or editor or by the title or a keyword
• Titles are displayed with headline capitalization
• Bibliography Entries Include: the author's name, title, publication city:Publisher, year of publication

Example Bibliography:

Galenson, David W. Artists and the Market: From Leonardo and Titian to Andy Warhol and Damien Hirst, NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | article title | journal title | volume, |issue number | publication year | URL | page numbers | accessed date

• Titles of journals are italicized, article titles are in quotes

Electronic Journal Article from a Database

Example Note:

         33. Raphael Rubinstein, "Provisional Painting", Art in America 97, no. 5 (2009), http://www.systems.wsu.edu/scripts/wsuall.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39788208&site=ehost-live.

Example Bibliography:

Rubinstein, Raphael. "Provisional Painting". Art in America 97, no. 5 (2009), http://www.systems.wsu.edu/scripts/wsuall.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39788208&site=ehost-live. (accessed 2009 June 4).

Two authors

• All names are usually given in a bibliography or reference list. Word order and punctuation are the same as for three authors. In a note or a text citation, only the name of the first author is included, followed by "and others" or, especially in science, "et al.," with no intervening comma

Date

• The month and day need to be included if there is no volume, issue numbers or dates of update
• A year and possibly an exact date, a month, or a season, appears in parentheses after the volume or or issue number. Seasons are capitalized when standing in lieu of a month or an issue number. Neither month nor season is necessary when the issue number is given
• For a span of months, use a hyphen (e.g., March-April)

Volumes and issues

• The volume number follows the journal title without intervening punctuation and is not in italics. Issue number follows volume number
• Write both volumes and issues numbers in Arabic numerals

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | title | subtitle | editor, compiler or translater, | edition if not the first | volume | series title | publication city | publication year | page numbers | accessed date

Books with multiple authors

• Lists volume information if a multi-volume work is referred to as a whole
• List all the names of authors in the Bibliography, only list the first author in a note
• Use "and" between the authors' names

Example Note:

             4. Calvin Tomkins and others, Off the Wall: Robert Rauschenberg and the Art World of Our Time (Garden City, Doubleday, 1980), 275-286.

Example Bibliography:

Tomkins, Calvin and Andrew Forge, Off the Wall: Robert Rauschenberg and the Art World of Our Time . Garden City: Doubleday, 1980.

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | title | type of content | academic institution | date

• Type of content is usually MFA, PhD, etc

Example of Note:

25. Brad Adam Dinsmore, "Conversations" (MFA, Washington State University, 2009) 13.

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

creator name | year of filing | year of filing | patent title | edition | country code | patent number | filed date | issued date

Example Note:

             33. Randall Chris Kurzweil, "Generating Visual Art" (US Patent 7,098,917 filed January 22, 2002).

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | year | article title | newspaper name | month day year of publication | section | edition

• If the author is unknown, the name of the newspaper stands in place of the author name

Example Note:

             1. Hamilton Arthur Zucker, "Where are Today's Leonardo's?", USA Today, June 3, 2009, first edition.

All possible citation elements in order of appearance:

author | title | subtitle | edition | site name | URL or datasource | year | publisher | access date | DOI

• All resources that reside on the Internet are cited the same as materials appearing in print or electronically cited, with some additions
• If citing a URL, there is no need for a media category, for types such as DVD, CD-Rom, include the type
• Include an accessed date, especially for time sensitive material
• If there is a digital object identifier (DOI) for the source include it in place of page numbers or other locators

Example Note:

             1. John Gilliam Cleese, Tim Jones and Michael Palin "Commentaries. Disc 2." Monty Python and the Holy Grail, (Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment, 2001), DVD.

Example Bibliography:

Cleese, John Gilliam, Edgar Idle, Tim Jones and Michael Palin, "Commentaries. Disc 2. "Monty Python and the Holy Grail special ed. DVD. 2002. Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment.

Example Bibliography:

Brancusi, Arthur and Frank Bolden. "Crisis on Wallstreet" New York Times. March 25, 2002. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/politics/25MCCA.html (accessed January 2, 2002).

Example Bibliography:

Allen, A. 2003. Tribal Notions. Slate March 25. doi:10.1006/sleh.2000.2694. http://www.slate.com/links/doi/10.1006/sleh.2000.2694.